1.4.8 Lists
List functions can also be found in the sections on Association Lists, Sets, and Sequences.
(cons x y) |
Creates a new pair containing x and y.
Examples: |
> (cons 1 nil) |
(1) |
> (cons 2 (cons 3 nil)) |
(2 3) |
> (cons 4 5) |
(4 . 5) |
(consp x) |
Returns true when x is a pair.
Examples: |
> (consp nil) |
() |
> (consp 5) |
() |
> (consp "string") |
() |
> (consp (cons 1 nil)) |
t |
> (consp '(1 2 3)) |
t |
(car x) → t |
x : (or (consp x) (equal x nil)) |
Returns the first element of a cons-pair, or nil for nil.
Examples: |
> (car '(1 2 4 6)) |
1 |
> (car nil) |
() |
(cdr x) → t |
x : (or (consp x) (equal x nil)) |
Returns the second element of a cons-pair, or nil for nil.
Examples: |
> (cdr '(1 2 4 6)) |
(2 4 6) |
> (cdr nil) |
() |
(append lst ) |
Concatenates all the elements in the given lists into one list. This a macro that expands into calls of the function binary-append.
Examples: |
> (append nil nil) |
() |
> (append nil (list 1 2)) |
(1 2) |
> (append (list 1 2) (list 3 4)) |
(1 2 3 4) |
(binary-append x y) → t |
x : (true-listp x) |
y : t |
Concatenates two lists. Returns a new list containing all the items from x followed by all the items from y.
Examples: |
> (binary-append (list 1 2 3) (list 4 5 6)) |
(1 2 3 4 5 6) |
> (binary-append (list 1 2 3) 4) |
(1 2 3 . 4) |
> (binary-append 5 "<-error") |
|Dracula Program| broke the contract (xargs :guard |
(true-listp x)) on binary-append; x = 5 y = "<-error" |
(mv x ) |
Form for returning multiple values. This is like list, but with the restriction that if a function returns using mv, then it must always return the same number of values.
Examples: |
> (mv 1 2 3 4) |
(1 2 3 4) |
(revappend x y) → t |
x : (true-listp x) |
y : t |
append the reverse of x to y.
Examples: |
> (revappend nil nil) |
() |
> (revappend nil (list 1 2)) |
(1 2) |
> (revappend (list 1 2) (list 3 4)) |
(2 1 3 4) |
> (revappend (list 1 2) 3) |
(2 1 . 3) |
(list elem ) |
Creates a new true list containing all the given elements.
Examples: |
> (list) |
() |
> (list 1 2 3) |
(1 2 3) |
(list* elem tail) |
Uses cons to add each elem to tail.
Examples: |
> (list* 1 2 nil) |
(1 2) |
> (list* 5 6 '(7 8 9)) |
(5 6 7 8 9) |
> (list* 1 2 3) |
(1 2 . 3) |
(atom-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of atoms.
Examples: |
> (atom-listp (list 2 3 4)) |
t |
> (atom-listp (list (list 23 34) 45)) |
() |
(character-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of characterp elements.
Examples: |
> (character-listp (list #\a #\b)) |
t |
> (character-listp (list #\a "b")) |
() |
(endp x) → t |
x : (or (consp lst) (equal x nil)) |
Same as atom, but with the guard that x is either a consp or is nil.
Examples: |
> (endp nil) |
t |
> (endp (cons 2 nil)) |
() |
(eqlable-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of eqlablep elements.
Examples: |
> (eqlable-listp nil) |
t |
> (eqlable-listp (cons 4 nil)) |
t |
> (eqlable-listp t) |
() |
(integer-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of integerp elements.
Examples: |
> (integer-listp nil) |
t |
> (integer-listp (list 24 -21 95)) |
t |
> (integer-listp (list 53 44 "number")) |
() |
(keyword-value-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is of even length and every other element in the list satisfies keywordp.
Examples: |
> (keyword-value-listp (list :a 1 :b 2 :c 3)) |
t |
> (keyword-value-listp (list 'a 1 'b 'c 3)) |
() |
(listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is either a consp or nil.
Examples: |
> (listp nil) |
t |
> (listp (cons 4 nil)) |
t |
> (listp t) |
() |
(null x) → t |
x : t |
Returns true if x equals nil (using eq).
Examples: |
> (null nil) |
t |
> (null (list 1 2 3)) |
() |
(proper-consp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a proper (nil-terminated) nonempty list
Examples: |
> (proper-consp nil) |
() |
> (proper-consp (list 1 2 3)) |
t |
> (proper-consp (cons 1 2)) |
() |
(rational-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of rationalp elements.
Examples: |
> (rational-listp (list 1 2/5 3)) |
t |
> (rational-listp (list 1 2/5 "number")) |
() |
(standard-char-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of standard-char-p elements.
Examples: |
> (standard-char-listp (list #\a #\b #\c)) |
t |
> (standard-char-listp (list 1 2 3)) |
() |
(string-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of stringp elements.
Examples: |
> (string-listp (list "ab" "cd" "ef")) |
t |
> (string-listp (list 1 2 3)) |
() |
(symbol-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of symbolp elements.
Examples: |
> (symbol-listp (list 'ab 'cd 'ef)) |
t |
> (symbol-listp (list 1 2 3)) |
() |
(true-list-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a list of true-listp elements.
Examples: |
> (true-list-listp (list 1 2 3 4 5)) |
() |
> (true-list-listp '((1) (2) (3) (4) (5))) |
t |
(true-listp x) → t |
x : t |
Reports whether x is a proper nil-terminated list.
Examples: |
> (true-listp (list 1 2 3 4 5)) |
t |
> (true-listp "list") |
() |
(butlast l n) → t |
l : (true-listp l) |
n : (and (integerp n) (<= 0 n)) |
(butlast l n) is the list obtained by removing the last n elements from the true list l.
Examples: |
> (butlast (list 1 2 3) 1) |
(1 2) |
> (butlast (list 1 2 3) 2) |
(1) |
> (butlast (list 1 2 3) 3) |
() |
(fix-true-list x) → t |
x : t |
Coerces x to a true list by replacing the final cdr with nil.
Examples: |
> (fix-true-list (list 1 2 3)) |
(1 2 3) |
> (fix-true-list (cons 1 (cons 2 3))) |
(1 2) |
> (fix-true-list "abc") |
() |
> (fix-true-list 5) |
() |
(len lst) → t |
lst : t |
Finds the length of the given list. Returns 0 if lst is not a list.
Examples: |
> (len nil) |
0 |
> (len (list 1 2 3 4 5)) |
5 |
> (len "string") |
0 |
> (len t) |
0 |
(make-list n) → true-listp |
n : (and (integerp n) (<= 0 n)) |
Makes a list of the given length, filling it in with nil.
Examples: |
> (make-list 0) |
() |
> (make-list 3) |
(() () ()) |
(nth n lst) → t |
n : (and (integerp n) (>= n 0)) |
lst : (true-listp lst) |
Gets the nth element of lst
Examples: |
> (nth 2 (list 1 2 3)) |
3 |
> (nth 4 (list 1 2 1)) |
() |
(nthcdr n lst) → t |
n : (and (integerp n) (>= n 0)) |
lst : (true-listp lst) |
Gets the nth cdr of the given list
Examples: |
> (nthcdr 2 (list 1 2 3)) |
(3) |
> (nthcdr 3 (list 1 2 1)) |
() |
(reverse x) → t |
x : (or (true-listp x) (stringp x)) |
Reverse the given list or string
Examples: |
> (reverse (list 1 2 3 4)) |
(4 3 2 1) |
> (reverse "abcd") |
"dcba" |
(take n l) → t |
n : (and (integerp n) (not (< n 0))) |
l : (true-listp l) |
Examples: |
> (take 3 (list 1 2 3 4 5)) |
(1 2 3) |
> (take 0 (list 1 2 3 4 5)) |
() |
(update-nth n v lst) → t |
n : (and (integerp n) (<= 0 n)) |
v : t |
lst : (true-listp l) |
Replaces the nth (0-based) position in lst with the value v. If n is greater than the length of lst, then update-nth will add padding to the end of the list consisting of nil values.
Examples: |
> (update-nth 0 'z '(a b c d e)) |
(z b c d e) |
> (update-nth 8 'z '(a b c d e)) |
(a b c d e () () () z) |
(first lst) |
first member of the list
Examples: |
> (first (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) |
1 |
(second lst) |
Examples: |
> (second (list 1 2 3 4 5)) |
2 |
(third lst) |
Examples: |
> (third (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)) |
3 |
(fourth lst) |
fourth member of the list
Examples: |
> (fourth (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) |
4 |
(fifth lst) |
fifth member of the list
Examples: |
> (fifth (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) |
5 |
(sixth lst) |
Sixth member of the list
Examples: |
> (sixth (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)) |
6 |
(seventh lst) |
Examples: |
> (seventh (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)) |
7 |
(eighth lst) |
eighth member of the list
Examples: |
> (eighth (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8)) |
8 |
(ninth x) |
Examples: |
> (ninth (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)) |
9 |
(tenth lst) |
Examples: |
> (tenth (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)) |
10 |
(last lst) |
last member of the list
Examples: |
> (last (list 1 2 3 4 5)) |
(5) |
(rest lst) |
The same as cdr
Examples: |
> (rest (list 'w 'x 'y 'z)) |
(x y z) |